Listening hajesfandiari

listeng
Listening   is a process of encoding and decoding. Changing thought to language by speaker in encoding and making thought from language in decoding.

Adults spend an average of 70% of their time engaged in some sort of communication, of this an average of 45% is spent listening compared to 30% speaking, 16% reading and 9% writing. (Adler, R. et al. 2001).

Listening is the most used skill and the most difficult of them.

Before 1960 what was important in listening were only about the things that the speaker should regard such as stress, intonation, pronunciation and sound   that was something that was proposed by environmentalists that inferred to ALM at last. after that in 1965 Chomsky claimed that listening is an innate process, and that was the time that after and after listening were accepted as a dynamic process for comprehension not only a mechanical function. Here Rost believed listening for understanding rather than repeating, imitating and memorizing. Rost claimed the phrase of “listening first’.

Then Asher came with TPR that he belived in in nonverbal action before learning to be ready and this it can be improving in psychomotor rather than cognitive. And in 1983 we faced with Natural Approach tha include silent period for listening first.

Then constructivism   believed that in listening we refer to our purpose and prior knowledge (schema)

In listening process comprehending, retaining and responding are very important and of course motivation can improve our listening.

   Interaction   that was proposed by Hymes in 1970   insist the intended meaning of the audience

And socioculturalist spoke about the context and schema, specially cultural.

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