1) listening

    Zahra Fayaz  



'''Listening '''



Listening is the ability to accurately receive messages in the communication process. Listening    is key to all



effective communication, without the ability to listen effectively messages are easily



<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'TimesNewRoman',serif;color:black;background-position:initialinitial;background-repeat:initialinitial;">misunderstood – communication breaks down and the sender of the message can easily become

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:'TimesNewRoman',serif;color:black;background-position:initialinitial;background-repeat:initialinitial;">frustrated or irritated. <span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:'TimesNewRoman',serif;color:black;background-position:initialinitial;background-repeat:initialinitial;"> <span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:'TimesNewRoman',serif;color:black;background-position:initialinitial;background-repeat:initialinitial;">Listening is not the same as hearing '''<span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:'TimesNewRoman',serif;color:black;background-position:initialinitial;background-repeat:initialinitial;">. '''<span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:'TimesNewRoman',serif;color:black;background-position:initialinitial;background-repeat:initialinitial;">Hearing refers to the sounds that you

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:'TimesNewRoman',serif;color:black;background-position:initialinitial;background-repeat:initialinitial;"> hear, whereas listening requires more than that: it requires focus <span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:'TimesNewRoman',serif;color:black;background-position:initialinitial;background-repeat:initialinitial;">. <span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:'TimesNewRoman',serif;color:black;background-position:initialinitial;background-repeat:initialinitial;">Listening means paying

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:'TimesNewRoman',serif;color:black;background-position:initialinitial;background-repeat:initialinitial;"> attention not only to the story, but how it is told, the use of language and voice, and how the

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:'TimesNewRoman',serif;color:black;background-position:initialinitial;background-repeat:initialinitial;">other person uses his or her body. In other words, it means being aware of both verbal and non-

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:'TimesNewRoman',serif;color:black;background-position:initialinitial;background-repeat:initialinitial;">verbal messages. Your ability to listen effectively depends on the degree to which you perceive

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:'TimesNewRoman',serif;color:black;background-position:initialinitial;background-repeat:initialinitial;">and understand these messages. Listening involves observing body language and noticing

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:'TimesNewRoman',serif;color:black;background-position:initialinitial;background-repeat:initialinitial;"> inconsistencies between verbal and non-verbal messages. For example, if someone tells you that

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:'TimesNewRoman',serif;color:black;background-position:initialinitial;background-repeat:initialinitial;"> they are happy with their life but through gritted teeth or with tears filling their eyes, you should

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:'TimesNewRoman',serif;color:black;background-position:initialinitial;background-repeat:initialinitial;"> consider that the verbal and non-verbal messages are in conflict, they maybe don't mean what

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:'TimesNewRoman',serif;color:black;background-position:initialinitial;background-repeat:initialinitial;">they say. Listening requires you to concentrate and use your other senses in addition to simply

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:0in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi; color:black"> hearing the words spoken. the way to become a better  listener is to practice “active listening”

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:0in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:0in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi; color:black">this is where you conscious effort to hear not only the words that another person is saying but

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:0in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi; color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:0in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi; color:black"> more importantly try to understand the complete message being sent.

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:0in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;color:#505050">

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">Listening involves a complex process that allows us to understand and interpret spoken

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">messages in real time by making use of a variety of sources such as phonetic,

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">phonological, prosodic, lexical, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic. it plays a key role in

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">developing learners’ L2 communicative ability. In contrast to Chomsky’s (1965) view of

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">language as a mere formal system governed by a series of rules, Hymes (1971, 1972) argued

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">the need to pay attention to language use in social practice. Thus, he introduced the term

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">communicative competence <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">, which incorporated not only internal aspects of the language,

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''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">such as its grammar, but also the rules of language use in social context. The core of the

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">communicative competence is the listening skill since it is the manifestation of interpreting

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">listeners play an active role in which activation from the rest of the components included in the

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">proposed framework (i.e., linguistic, pragmatic, intercultural and strategic) is necessary to

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">achieve overall communicative competence. listening located at the core of A) linguistic

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">competence B) intercultural competence C) strategic competence D) pragmatic competence.

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Discourse competence <span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">implies an understanding of how language operates at a level above the

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">sentence. It involves knowledge of discourse features such as markers, coherence and cohesion

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">as well as formal schemata in relation to the particular purpose and situational context of the

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">spoken text.

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">Thus, if listeners have to recognize and interpret what is heard in longer or interactive

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">discourse, they need first to understand which discourse features have been used and why, and

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">then relate them to the communicative goal and particular context of that piece of discourse.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">listeners will be able to know how the different parts of a given spoken text relate to each other

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">at the discourse level,what they mean and, in short, keep communication running smoothly in a

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"> meaningful way ( Scarcella and Oxford 1992).

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Linguistic competence <span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi"> includes all the elements of the linguistic

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">system such as aspects concerning grammar, phonology and vocabulary ( Celce-

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">Murcia and Olshtain 2000). Knowledge of these features is necessary for listeners to decode a

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">given spoken text. On the one hand, listeners’ grammatical knowledge enables them to apply

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"> the rules of morphology and syntax to recognize the inflections on words as well as understand

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">whether the sentences being heard are cohesively and coherently well formed. On the other

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">hand, mastery of the phonological system is also fundamental in the listening comprehension

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">process, since listeners need to know not only how words are segmented into various sounds,

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">but must also understand aspects such as rhythm, stress, intonation, feature detection or

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">metrical segmentation (see Rost this volume). Additionally, knowledge of the lexicon or

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"> vocabulary is an essential part of listeners’ linguistic competence, since it is the means to

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">recognize the words that are heard within a whole piece of spoken discourse (see Rost, this

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">volume, for the importance of lexical knowledge and lexical access ).

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Pragmatic competence <span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi"> involves an understanding of the function of a spoken utterance in a

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">given situation. Thus, in order to interpret the speaker’s actual intended meaning when

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">producing a particular utterance, listeners need to be aware of the situational and participant

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">variables as well as politeness issues implied in such utterance. it has been claimed that if

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">listeners recognize the specific communication situation where a given spoken event takes

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">place (i.e., a formal lecture, an introduction between strangers or a casual talk among friends),

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">they can be ready to listen for what is expected in such a situation (Scarcella and Oxford 1992).

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Intercultural competence <span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi"> implies having knowledge of both cultural and non-verbal

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"> communicative factors in order to appropriately interpret a given spoken text. Thus, listeners’

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">background knowledge of those cultural aspects will help them construct its meaning as well as

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">acknowledge differences between their own culture and that of the target language so that

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">possible misunderstandings can be avoided. Additionally, the knowledge of non-verbal means

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">of communication, such as body language, facial expressions or eye contact, also plays an

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"> important role in the appropriate interpretation of a given spoken text. Listeners’ awareness of

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">those elements will provide them with important clues that enable them to improve their

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">communicative ability when listening. the intercultural component is related to the

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">discourse competence since knowledge from both cultural and non-verbal means of

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">communication would allow listeners to increase their overall communicative

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">competence strategic competence involves both communication and learning strategies

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">that will allow listeners to successfully construct meaning from oral input. (strategies  

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">

'''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">competence) <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">Learning how to listen :

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">What should the learners be listening to? '''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">

'''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">

'''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">The material that the learners should be listening to should be spoken English. All too often the

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">listening that learners are exposed to in their listening classes is written English that has been

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">recorded. Such material fails to demonstrate many of the features that characterize the spoken

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">language. being written language, it tends to contain sentences that are much more complex

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">with much more subordination than is normally encountered in spoken language; and the

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">language has a tendency to be stilted or even “dated”, as compared to spoken language.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"> Moreover, being recorded written language, it is often somewhat formal as compared with real

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">spoken language.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">There are some factors that should be borne in mind when selecting what the learners will be

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">listening to :

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">1) Needs analysis: 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">''<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">

''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">The material needs to be relevant to the needs of the learners in question. This

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"> can  only be determined by “needs analysis” and then, as far as possible, ensuring that the

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">material  chosen is as relevant and useful to these particular students as possible. Part of the

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">problem lies with the way programs are often structured, and decisions as to what materials are

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">to be taught are made by administrators or senior teachers ahead of knowing who the learners

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">are going to be. An additional problem in many English as a Second Language (ESL) classes in

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">particular, is that the needs and aspirations of the students in one class vary greatly, making it

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">very difficult to accommodate everyone’s needs in the same course.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">2) Motivation: 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">''<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">

''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">  <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">There is also the problem of boring the students:

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">''<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">

''<span style="font-family:'TimesNewRoman',serif;font-size:12pt;">for example one for computer programmers, in which such meticulous care was taken to use

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">only material highly relevant to that group’s needs, that the course became boring to the

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">students and they complained .To avoid boring the students, the highly relevant material needs

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">to be peppered with other, different types of material in order to break the tedium and at the

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">same time to expose the students to other types of language. Such an approach makes space

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">for humorous, general interest, and other listening as well, which enhances motivation

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">something that should be consciously and deliberately worked at ''all the time. ''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">''<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">

''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">''<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">

''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">3) level of difficulty: 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">''<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">

''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">''<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">

''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">Sometimes, we become so involved with issues of authenticity and relevance of the material,

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">that we lose sight of the dimension of level of language difficulty. While analyzing need is much

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">more talked about at the present, diagnostic testing of proficiency level is at least as important, if

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">not more so. A  <span style="font-family:'TimesNewRoman',serif;font-size:12pt;">large part of the teacher’s role in improving L2 listening skills is to sensitize our students to the

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">potentially useful signals, cues and other sources of help available to them in the spoken forms

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">of the language.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">How to become a good listener? '''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">Language learners often make the mistake of thinking that all their difficulties in listening are

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">due to their inadequate knowledge of the target language, but that is only half the story; native

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">speakers can be bad listeners if they are bored or tired, for example. As I mentioned at the

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">beginning of this chapter, listening is not only transactional (listening for factual information) but

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"> also interactional (involving listening for the purposes of social interaction), which in turn

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">involves empathizing with speakers and really trying to understand why they are saying

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">something. Both L1 and L2 listeners may need to use listening strategies when their

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">listening skills fail, such as inferring words which are unfamiliar or have been missed, asking for

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">clarification and predicting. Some of the activities you could use here are:

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">- Asking students to think about the different meanings which the word “listen” could have

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">-Telling a story but coughing at certain points so that students have to ask for clarification of the

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">missing information or guess what it was.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">- Asking students to think of people they know who are good listeners ,and getting them to

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"> compile a list of the qualities shown by a good listener.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">- Designing their own listening course.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">- Planning how they can do listening practice outside class.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">What kinds of listening skills and strategies do we need to help our students to develop?

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">- understanding short utterances on a literal semantic level. Involves knowledge of phonology,

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">stress, intonation, spoken vocabulary, spoken syntax.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">- understanding longer or interactive discourse. Involves knowledge of discourse features such

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">as markers, cohesion, schemata.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">- understanding the function/illocutionary force of an utterance.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">- interpreting utterances in terms of the context/situation. Involves knowing how different socio-

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">linguistic groups use language, so involves knowledge of dialects, cultural references, degrees

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"> of formality, power relations and so on.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">- resolving comprehension problems by seeking help from the speaker.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">- remembering input, monitoring and evaluating how well one is understanding.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Some ways of improving the teaching of listening: '''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">- Choose what they listen to.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">- Make their own listening texts.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">- Control the equipment (being in charge of replaying difficult parts of the listening text,

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">for example).

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">- Give the instructions.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">- Design their own listening tasks.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">- Reflect on their problems in listening.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'TimesNewRoman',serif;">Teachers should create listening tasks <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'TimesNewRoman',serif;">in <span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'TimesNewRoman',serif;">which language learners make conscious use of both top

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">and bottom as they try to understand what a speaker is saying.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">The levels at which spoken information is potentially available for interpretation include

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">phonetic, phonological, prosodic, lexical, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic. At the bottom-most

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">phonetic level, partners in a conversation in English need to monitor the sub-lexical signals of

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">their interlocutor’s attitude to the current topic and what is being said about it, for example, ''Hm , ''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">''<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">

''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi"> Hmhm <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">and Uhuh . They also need to assign the intended meaning to these briefest of comments,

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"> which have different socio-pragmatic associations; this is no easy matter for non-native listeners

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"> (Gardner 1998). <span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi"> <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">The conventional way of describing the use made of the internal and external

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">resources available to listener is to group them into bottom-up and top-down processes. In its

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"> strictest sense, bottom-up processing would involve piecing together the elements in the speech

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">signal in a linear fashion ,in real time, as it is being spoken and heard Top-down processing is

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"> broadly the converse of bottom-up, emphasizing the listener’s use of their existing knowledge of

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">topic and the relevant context in forming hypotheses as to the speaker’s meaning and, when

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"> appropriate, in modifying them to match new incoming information. A  key issue for the

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"> teaching and testing of L2 listening skills is the relationship between top and bottom.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0level1lfo1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">•          <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">TOP <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"> :

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">''<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">In top-down processing we rely on what we already know to help make sense of what we hear.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">Schemata, the relevant packages of prior knowledge and experience that we have in memory and

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">can call on in the process of comprehension, are of two types: content schemata and ''formal ''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">''<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">

''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">''<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">schemata. ''<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">Content schemata are networks of knowledge on different topics, for example,

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"> "cooking,” comprising knowledge gained from a range of sources and also personal experience.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">When we hear someone talking about a topic that we are able to link to an existing content

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">schema, then we find comprehension very much easier. Formal schemata are derived from our

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">knowledge of the structure of discourse genres, e.g., an academic lecture, a sermon.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l1level1lfo2"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">•          ''<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">BOTTOM : ''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">''<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">When trying to recognize L2 speech, learners use the characteristic patterning of their L1 as a

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"> mental template for identifying incoming words. When listening to an L2 we initially transfer

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">the same metrical expectations as we attempt to segment speech; only at relatively advanced L2

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"> levels do we seem to be able to suppress these L1-based segmentation strategies and to adopt

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"> that of the other language (Dejean de la Bâtie and Bradley 1995). English represents a particular

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">difficulty for L2 listeners in this respect because it is one of the languages that allows

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">polysyllabic lexis, which features words embedded within others. For example, in addition to its

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">own 11 words, the sentence “Milo went to a teaching conference last August in ''Caister, near ''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">''<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">

''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi"> Norwich <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">” contains (in my non-rhotic Southern English idiolect) the phonetic forms of at least

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">another two dozen words: my, mile, low, ''tour, teach, each, chin, chink, in, ink, con, for, an, store, ''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">''<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">

''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">''<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi"> or, Augustine,stink, (ink), case, to, encased, an, ear, Ian, rich. ''<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Although this is a contrived

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"> example, the point remains that embedded forms of this sort are a common feature of spoken

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">English; according to Cutler (1997), as many as 85% of the polysyllabic words in English

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">contain embedded words, which represent potential phonetic distractions to the L2 listener

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"> struggling to recognize English speech.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">''<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">

''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Conclusion : '''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">

'''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">

'''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">Listening to a second language (L2) has been regarded as the most widely used language skill in

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">normal daily life (Morley 2001; Rost 2001).listening gained a status of significant and central

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">importance in language learning and teaching over the last decades. In such a process, listeners’

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"> active participation has been highlighted, and the influence of linguistic, psychological and

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">cultural factors has also been described. accessibility of input, top down processing, bottom up

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">processing, and listener status have a direct impact on L2 listening instruction.