Writing Hajesfandiari

writing
writing is a productive skill( Chastain, 1988)   and we learn to write if we are members of a literate society   and usually only if someone teaches us( Brown, 2007).  Writing skills are an important part of communication. Good writing skills allow you to communicate your message with clarity and ease to a far larger audience than through face-to-face or telephone 'conversations'.( http://www.skillsyouneed.com/writing-skills.html#ixzz2SahZsY9e)

Writing most likely began as a consequence of political expansion in ancient cultures, which needed reliable means for transmitting information, maintaining financial accounts, keeping historical records, and similar activities. Around the 4th millennium BC, the complexity of trade and administration in Mesopotamia outgrew human memory, and writing became a more dependable method of recording and presenting transactions in a permanent form. In both Ancient Egypt and Mesoamerica writing may have evolved through calendrics and a political necessity for recording historical and environmental events. The oldest known use of writing in China was in divination in the royal court.

( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">it's clear that writing is important in the context and we should understand how the ability is being learned not taught?

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">in writing text, writer, and reader are important things,

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">there are three views on writing. environmentalists, innatist, interactions:

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">environmentalist <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language: EN-CA"> in early 1960s believed writing as a mechanical process that is based on stimulation - response- reinforcement.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">they thought speaking is more important.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">here, writing is reinforcement for language grammar and vocabulary,

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Silva (1990: 13), was merely considered as “a collection of sentences patterns and vocabulary items – a linguistic artifact, a vehicle for language practice.”

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">in late 1960s innatists believed that children are active rather than passive in language learning,

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">they tested effect of grammar instruction to improve learners' writing.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">writing changed from product to process.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">writing is not lockstop or sequentional rather recursive and creative

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">then Flower and Hayes (1981) proposed a cognitive model of recursive writing consisting of three major elements: 1) the <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">planning stage, <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">in turn subdivided into smaller processes such as generating ideas, organizing these ideas and setting the goals for writing; 2) the

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">translating stage, <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">in which writers articulate and write down their thoughts generated in the first stage; and 3) the <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">reviewing stage, <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">in which writers evaluate and revise the text.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Thus, as Kern (2000: 181) points out, “writing was no longer

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">seen simply as a way of recording thoughts, feelings, and ideas after the

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">fact, but also as a key means of generating and exploring new thoughts and

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">ideas.”

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">we had decreasing on grammar and spelling in writing. but we had creativity and fluency.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">writing was considered to be learned not taught. errors were corrected in final stage.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">  

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">then interactionaist <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language: EN-CA"> based on sociocultural views proposed 3 patterns of organizations:

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">1) the

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">problem-solution pattern <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">, in which a problem is presented in a given situation

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">followed by the response to the problem and the evaluation of the response

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">as a solution to the problem; 2) the <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">hypothetical-real <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">pattern, which

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">is characterized by, first, the presentation of a statement which is to be supported

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">or rejected, and then the affirmation or denial of that statement, and

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">3) the <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">general-particular <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">pattern, in which a generalization is presented

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">followed by an exemplification of that generalization. They pointed out that

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">readers draw on their conventionalized knowledge of text patterns to infer

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">the recognizable connectedness of text and, therefore, they emphasized the

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">cognitive approach to writing This approach maintains that what makes

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">writing coherent is not in the text but in the readers’ prior knowledge of the

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">formal and linguistic structure of different types of texts or formal ''<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">schemata. ''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">  

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">then   <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">Halliday (1978) developed a systematic way of describing language in terms of its functions

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">within social contexts. Basic to his theory was the notion of <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">register, <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">which

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">is a functional language variation and is analyzed on the basis of three variables:

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">field, <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">or the social function; <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">tenor, <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">or the role of the participants; and

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">mode, <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">or what the language is doing. According to Halliday (1978) these

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">three situational and contextual dimensions are central to language interpretation.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Swales (1990: 59)proposed genre that is   a   class of communicative events, the members of which share some set of communicative purposes. These purposes are recognized by the expert

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">members of the parent discourse community, and thereby constitute the rationale for the genre. This rationale shapes the schematic structure of the discourse and influences and constrains choice of content and style. Communicative purpose is both a privileged criterion and one which operates to

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">keep the scope of a genre as here conceived narrowly focused on comparable

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">rhetorical action.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">and now ESP had an influence on L2 writing,

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">writing is a dynamic, creative, and contextualized process..

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">it was not individual but social,

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">language is changed by the context in which it happened.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">From an ESP genre approach, it has been recommended that three main phases

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">should be follow in that instruction (Hyland 2002: 21): 1) <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">modeling <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">, in

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">which the teachers provides an explicit explanation of the genre to be dealt

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">with; 2) <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">negotiating <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">, in which the teacher guides the class composition by

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">means of questions; and 3) <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA; mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">construction <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">, in which the students construct the

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">genre by working through several drafts in consultation with the teacher

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">here we have Hymes with communicative competence:

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">Discourse competence <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language: EN-CA"> enables writers to use discourse features to achieve a

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">well-formed written text given a communicative goal and context in which

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">it has to be written

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">Linguistic competence <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language: EN-CA"> is an umbrella concept that comprises basic elements

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">of written communication such as vocabulary or lexicon, grammar

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">rules, and conventions in mechanics

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">Pragmatic competence <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">involves an understanding of the illocutionary force

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">of an utterance in accordance with the situational and participant variables

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">within which the utterance takes place, as well as politeness issues such as

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">degrees of formality

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">An important point to remember here is that a written text also provides

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">important clues to meaning and that mastery of how these clues is essential

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">for writers if their ultimate goal is to make readers achieve a full understanding

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">of a given written text

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">Intercultural competence <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">deals with the knowledge of how to produce written

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">texts within a particular sociocultural context. In order to produce a

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">competently written discourse within a particular culture, writers need to

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">understand and adhere to the rules and norms of behavior that exist in a

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">target language community, as well as to develop cross-cultural awareness,

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">since each particular culture has different “do’s and don’t’s” (Celce-

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Murcia, Dörnyei, and Thurrell 1995: 25).

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">In addition to all the above-described competencies, writers also need to

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">have strategic competence, which refers to both learning and communicating

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">strategies (Scarcella and Oxford 1992).

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">On the one hand, writers need to possess a set of learning strategies to write effectively

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">writers' text: 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Silva and Brice argue (2004: 72) that studies of texts, not writers’ processes,

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">continue to dominate the literature

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">writer processes: 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">In process studies, researchers analyze

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">the ways in which writers plan, draft, revise, and edit their texts. Initially,

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">these studies encompassed the entire writing process, generally within a

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">classroom context (Zamel 1983).

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">Participants 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Learners’ processes have been central – but also studied is the work of

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">teachers, the other major participants in pedagogies. Polio (2003: 50) notes

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">that most of the teacher-centered studies have been qualitative, focusing on

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">issues such as their views and practices in writing, how their views change

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">over time or as they encountered new student populations, and teacher responses to student texts

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">Context: 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">The recent emphases upon the social nature of writing and genre (Swales1990; Hyland 2003) has brought context or (“writing situation”) into the research limelight. Polio writes about studies that investigate the goals of programs and writing classes, the tasks characteristic of academic   writing classes, and the ways in which features of text interact with the values of a discipline.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">corpus linguistics can radically change our classrooms. Corpus linguistics is the study of language as expressed in samples (corpora) of "real world" text. This method represents a digestive approach to deriving a set of abstract rules by which a natural language is governed or else relates to another language. Originally done by hand, corpora are now largely derived by an automated process.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none">( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_linguistics)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none">   <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">By selecting the corpora from targeted genres, teachers can assist students in completing their own research about how language operates: the ways in which

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">form, meaning, discourse and pragmatic factors interact. As a result, the

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">classroom can become more individualized and student-centered, a great

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">service to teachers who know that all classrooms are, by nature, heterogeneous.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">As Tognini-Bonelli (2001: 41) notes, “What students can derive

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">from corpus work is qualitatively different from descriptive statements

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">found in traditional grammars… students can formulate their own hypotheses

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">and rules inductively from the corpora they select.” By its very nature,

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">then, corpus linguistics changes the classroom dynamic and establishes the

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">learner as researcher, as Tim Johns (1991: 17), the father of data-driven

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">learning points out: “The task of the learner is to discover the foreign language

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">[…] and the task of the language teacher is to provide a context in

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">which [the learner] can learn how to learn.”

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Discourse communities and their valued genres

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Corpus linguistics is only one leg of the table, one step on the ladder leading

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">to curriculum renovation and research, however. Though valuable for

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">its inductive, empirical base and student-centered approaches, it remains a

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">bottom up research strategy, an approach to patterned uses and immediate,

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">textual contexts of words and phrases. Thus, though corpus studies will

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">help students to analyze a text, it will not give them all the tools they need

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">to read or write one.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Situated texts and their domains (activity systems)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">though valued genres and discourse communities may, in fact,

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">be highly salient to disciplinary faculty, it is the specific situation in which

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">a genre appears that determines how it will be successfully written and interpreted

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Multi-modal environments

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">our students’ lives, found on the Internet, Ipods, and in other technologies.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Many of our (more privileged) students have grown up with technology;

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">they use the Internet, the cell phone, the palm pilot and other tools frequently

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">and for a variety of purposes. This dependence upon technology

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">marks a truly significant departure from reliance upon print texts

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">students will learn best if they can engage with the material in

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">some way that allows them to develop a high level of investment in their writing.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">I refer to this approach as the “student to world” model

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Regardless of the nature of any specific assignment, the writing assignment

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">itself is the center of the life cycle of the writing class

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Six steps in assignment completion 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Step 1 <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Teacher sets assignment

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Step 2 <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Students engage in preparatory work

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">   <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Reading and/or

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">   <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Conducting Interviews and/or

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">   <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Writing Notes and/or

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">   <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Reflections and/or

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">   <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Other

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Step 3 <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Students draft complete text

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Step 4 <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Feedback is provided

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">   <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">By self and/or

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">   <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">By peers and/or

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">   <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">By teacher

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Step 5 <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Students revise text and/or return to <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Steps <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">2-4

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Step 6 <span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Students submit text for evaluation by teacher

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">at last i add to my paper that writing include:

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">   prewriting or rehearsing( look for topic and ideas)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">, drafting, composing(note down the ideas)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">   revising, editing, post writing( check the writing) ( Longman, 2002)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">in revising we should pay attention to grammar, punctuation , spelling , unity, coherence , cohesion.