Quellmalz's taxonomy Hajesfandiari

Quellmalz's framework of thinking skills
In order to develop instruction that is congruent with the learning objectives that have been identified, the instructional designer needs to know what type of task is being learned.



Quellmalz's Taxonomy 

 ·           recall

 ·           analysis

 ·           comparison

<span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"> ·           <span style="font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">inference

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"> ·           <span style="font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">evaluation

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;tab-stops:258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;tab-stops:258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"">Edys Quellmalz is an educational psychologist who produced an integrated thinking skills frame work to help teachers and learners understand the strategies and processes used in problem- solving.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;tab-stops:258.75pt"> Cognition literally means “to know”. <span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi">Knowledge can be thought of as <span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi">memories formed from the <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">manipulation and assimilation of raw input, perceived via our senses of sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell

In science, cognition is a group of mental processes that includes attention , memory , producing and understanding language , learning , reasoning , problem solving , and decision making. Various disciplines, such as psychology, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science all study cognition

 Metacognition is defined as "cognition about cognition", or "knowing about knowing.” It can take many forms; it includes knowledge about when and how to use particular strategies for learning or for problem solving 

<p style="margin-left:36.0pt">''' Higher-order thinking :    [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom's_Taxonomy   The idea is that some types of learning require more cognitive processing than others, but also have more generalized benefits. Higher order thinking involves the learning of complex judgmental skills such as critical thinking and problem solving. Higher order thinking is more difficult to learn or teach but also more valuable because such skills are more likely to be usable in novel situations (i.e., situations other than those in which the skill was learned).] '''

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Here is the taxonomy. First we encounter recall, reall is from lower-order category because it is a means of gaining access to existing knowledge, while higher order thinking is about restricting it.

mso-padding-alt:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="615" <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;tab-stops:258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;tab-stops:258.75pt"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">Quellmatz’s higher-order thinking strategies and processes 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">Strategies

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">Students engage in purposeful, extended lines of thought where they:

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;tab-stops:258.75pt"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">      identify the task (or type of problem)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">define and clarify essential elements and terms

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">gather, judge and connect relevant information

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">evaluate the adequacy of information and procedures for drawing

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">conclusions and/or solving problems.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">In addition, students will become self-conscious about their thinking        and develop their self-monitoring problem-solving strategies.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">Processes

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">        Cognitive <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">                                                    Metacognitive 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">         Analysis                                                          planning

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">          Comparison                                                   monitoring

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">         inference/interpretation                             reviewing/revising

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">         evaluation

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;tab-stops:258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;tab-stops:258.75pt"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">Evaluation

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">framework includes both cognition and metacognition and the categories are

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">applicable to both convergent and divergent thinking (although the

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">examples provided suggest that she is more interested in the former).

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">Quellmalz helpfully emphasises a ‘plan-monitor-review’ cycle which

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">includQuellmalz’s es problem finding, but does not address affective, conative and

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">social aspects of thinking. Dealing only with thinking skills, she does not

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">refer to the dispositions which support critical thinking.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">The definitions used by Quellmalz, while clear, do not always accord

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">with common usage or with those used in other taxonomies. This

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">problem is most acute with the very broad ‘analysis’ category. Whereas

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">for Bloom and for Anderson, sorting and classifying as well as translating

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">from one form of representation to another are indicators of

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">understanding, for Quellmalz they fall under ‘analysis’. ‘Comparison’

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">overlaps with every other category, so it is doubtful whether it should

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">be treated separately. For Quellmalz ‘inference/ interpretation’

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">extends beyond deductive and inductive reasoning and is an umbrella

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">term which also covers ‘apply a rule’, ‘synthesise’ and ‘create’. It is not

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">known to what extent teachers who use the framework are able to

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">consistently classify questions and tasks.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">Quellmalz believes that learners construct meaning in the context of

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">project work where they are asked to solve problems in different

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">curriculum areas

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">Her Frameworks for Thinking

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">framework has the appeal of simplicity and highlights for teachers

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt left 258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> •           <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-CA">the importance of modelling and teaching metacognitive skills.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;tab-stops:258.75pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"">